Looking Forward – The 64 bit Landscape A Year From Now
Over the next twelve months, powerful new 0.13 mm 64 bit MPUs will ship, or approach shipping. These include Intel’s Madison, AMD’s Opteron, IBM’s PowerPC 970, HP’s Alpha EV79 and PA-8800, and Sun’s US-IV. In addition existing processors designs like POWER4+ will likely see incremental clock frequency and performance increases. The characteristics and performance of these processors are provided below in Table 3. Performance figures and undisclosed processor characteristics are based on estimates and/or extrapolations from public data. The performance projections for IA64 assume no boost from improvements in EPIC compiler technology over the next 12 months. The performance projection for Opteron assumes native x86-64 compiler technology will not outperform current IA32 compiler technology over the next 12 months. The die area estimate for US-IV assumes it is a single CPU device.
| |
Alpha EV79 |
IA64 Madison |
IA64 Deerfield |
MIPS R18K |
PA-RISC PA-8800 |
|
Clock (MHz) |
1600 |
1600 |
1500 |
800 |
1000 |
|
Max Power (W) |
120 |
130 |
100 |
50 |
90 |
|
Die Size (mm2) |
300 |
374 |
266 |
130 |
366 |
|
Transistors (m) |
200 |
410 |
230 |
80 |
300 |
|
L1 cache (KB) |
64 / 64 |
16 / 16 |
16 / 16 |
32 / 32 |
768/768 |
|
L2 cache (MB) |
3.0 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
1.0 |
32 |
|
L3 cache (MB) |
– |
6.0 |
3.0 |
16 |
– |
|
SPECint_base2k |
1100 |
1250 |
1150 |
600 |
850 |
|
SPECfp_base2k |
1600 |
2150 |
2000 |
750 |
900 |
| |
PowerPC 970 |
PowerPC POWER4+ |
SPARC US-IIIi |
SPARC US-IV |
x86-64 Opteron |
|
Clock (MHz) |
1800 |
1800 |
1200 |
1500 |
2400 |
|
Max Power (W) |
60 |
120 |
60 |
90 |
80 |
|
Die Size (mm2) |
118 |
267 |
179 |
240* |
160 |
|
Transistors (m) |
52 |
184 |
88 |
160 |
100 |
|
L1 cache (KB) |
64 / 32 |
64 / 32 |
32 / 64 |
32 / 64 |
64 / 64 |
|
L2 cache (MB) |
0.5 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
|
L3 cache (MB) |
– |
128 |
– |
16 |
– |
|
SPECint_base2k |
900 |
1100 |
650 |
800 |
1400 |
|
SPECfp_base2k |
1000 |
1500 |
800 |
1000 |
1350 |
The performance projections in Table 3 suggest the current division of competing 64 bit MPUs into distinct performance “have” and “have not” camps will continue. The top integer performers as measured by SPECint2k will likely be Opteron and Madison. The top floating point performers as measured by SPECfp2k will likely be Madison and EV79.
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